
Sleep Disturbances and Insomnia During Perimenopause & Menopause
Understanding the underlying causes and exploring effective management strategies are crucial for improving sleep health during this transitional phase. Up to 40–60% of women report sleep disturbances during the menopausal transition, with insomnia symptoms present in 31–42% of perimenopausal women at any given year. Poor sleep is linked to reduced quality of life, increased risk of depression, irritability, daytime fatigue, and even physical health risks such as falls and cardiovascular issues.
Causes of Sleep Disturbances in Perimenopause and Menopause
Hormonal Fluctuations and Their Impact on Sleep
The decline in estrogen and progesterone levels during perimenopause and menopause plays a pivotal role in sleep disturbances. Estrogen influences the regulation of neurotransmitters that affect sleep quality, while progesterone has sedative properties. The reduction of these hormones can lead to increased sleep latency, frequent awakenings, and decreased sleep efficiency. In addition, stress hormone Cortisol levels may rise during menopause, contributing to insomnia and fragmented sleep.
Vasomotor (VMS) Symptoms: Hot Flashes and Night Sweats
Hot flashes and night sweats, common vasomotor symptoms during menopause, can disrupt sleep by causing sudden awakenings and discomfort. These episodes can lead to fragmented sleep and difficulty returning to sleep, contributing to overall sleep deprivation.
Psychological Factors: Mood Disorders and Anxiety
The menopausal transition is associated with increased vulnerability to mood disorders, including depression and anxiety. These psychological factors can exacerbate sleep problems, leading to a cycle of insomnia and emotional distress.
Age-Related Changes and Other Sleep Disorders
Aging itself brings changes in sleep architecture, such as reduced slow-wave sleep and increased nighttime awakenings. Additionally, comorbid conditions like restless legs syndrome, sleep apnea, and chronic pain can further impair sleep quality during menopause
- Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): The risk of OSA increases after menopause, possibly due to hormonal changes affecting airway stability. Women with symptoms (snoring, witnessed apneas, excessive daytime sleepiness) should be evaluated and treated, often with CPAP or oral appliances.
- Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS): Also more prevalent in this age group, contributing to poor sleep quality. Avoid triggers (caffeine, certain medications) and consider dopaminergic medications for moderate to severe cases.
- Altered Sleep-Wake Cycles: Hormonal shifts may disrupt the body’s internal clock leading to
- Sleep-Onset Insomnia resulting in difficulty falling asleep and Sleep-Maintenance Insomnia resulting in frequent awakenings or trouble staying asleep, or simply waking earlier than desired and being unable to return to sleep.
- Life Stressors: Caring for aging parents, work responsibilities, and other midlife transitions can exacerbate sleep problems.
Approaches to Managing Sleep Disturbances During Menopause
Sleep disturbances are one of the most disruptive symptoms experienced during perimenopause and menopause. Insomnia, night sweats, and frequent awakenings can significantly impair a woman’s quality of life, leading to fatigue, mood changes, and decreased productivity. Fortunately, several evidence-based strategies can help restore restful sleep. These approaches range from behavioral therapies and lifestyle modifications to targeted light exposure that supports circadian rhythm regulation.
Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Menopausal Sleep Issues
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)
First-Line Treatment:
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is considered the gold standard for treating chronic insomnia, including sleep disturbances related to menopause. It addresses both the behavioral habits and cognitive patterns that perpetuate poor sleep.
Key CBT-I Components:
- Sleep hygiene education: Teaching best practices for promoting sleep
- Stimulus control: Limiting activities in bed to reinforce sleep cues
- Sleep restriction: Limiting time in bed to match actual sleep duration
- Relaxation training: Techniques such as progressive muscle relaxation or guided imagery
Randomized controlled trials have shown CBT-I to significantly improve sleep quality, reduce the severity of insomnia, and minimize hot flash-related sleep disruptions.

Sleep Hygiene and Lifestyle Modifications
Simple daily changes can improve sleep quality and reduce nighttime discomfort. These include:
- Maintain a consistent sleep-wake schedule – Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, even on weekends.
- Create an optimal sleep environment – Keep the bedroom cool, quiet, and dark. Use breathable sheets and moisture-wicking bedding to ease night sweats.
- Avoid stimulants and heavy meals – Limit caffeine, alcohol, and large meals in the hours leading up to bedtime.
- Reduce screen exposure – Avoid phones, tablets, and televisions before bed, as blue light can delay melatonin production.
- Incorporate relaxation techniques – Practices such as deep breathing, yoga, or mindfulness meditation can help calm the mind and prepare the body for sleep.
- Exercise regularly – Engaging in physical activity during the day (but not right before bed) has been shown to improve sleep duration and quality.
Light Therapy
Light therapy is especially helpful for women experiencing circadian rhythm disorders or those who have irregular sleep patterns. Disruptions in the body’s internal clock are common during menopause, contributing to difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. Light therapy can help regulate the Circadian sleep-wake cycle by using:
- Bright light exposure in the morning – Signals the brain to wake up and resets the internal clock
- Dim light in the evening – Prepares the body for rest and encourages melatonin production
Pharmacological and Hormonal Treatments
Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)/Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)/ BHRT
These types of hormone replacement replenish estrogen and/or progesterone which helps stabilize hormone fluctuations that disrupt sleep. MHT is effective in reducing vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes, night sweats) and improving sleep quality in women without contraindications. BHRT uses hormones derived from plant sources that are chemically identical to those produced by the human body. Treatments are customized to each patient’s unique hormone profile based on detailed lab testing.
These treatments are available in many forms from pills, patches, gels, or creams to oral troches, and long-lasting hormone pellets for those who choose BHRT
Be aware that not all are suitable for women with certain health conditions (e.g., estrogen-dependent cancers, history of thromboembolism). Which hormonal treatment chosen depends on individual risk factors and preferences.
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Learn MoreExploring Non-Hormonal and Integrative Approaches to Menopausal Sleep Disturbances
While there is no standardized treatment for adrenal fatigue, many practitioners focus on a holistic approach that addresses lifestyle factors, nutrition, and stress management. Here are some common strategies used to support adrenal health:
Non-Hormonal Medications
- Antidepressants: Certain selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) have been shown to reduce hot flashes and improve mood stability, which can indirectly enhance sleep quality.
- Sedative-Hypnotics: For women experiencing severe or acute insomnia, short-term use of sedative-hypnotics—including benzodiazepines or non-benzodiazepine agents—may be considered. However, long-term use is discouraged due to risks such as dependency, next-day sedation, and cognitive side effects.
- Melatonin and Melatonin Agonists: Melatonin supplements or prescription agonists can aid in sleep onset and improve sleep efficiency, particularly in women whose insomnia is linked to circadian rhythm disruption or aging-related melatonin decline.
- Other Agents: Medications such as gabapentin and clonidine have demonstrated some benefits for alleviating hot flashes and improving sleep. However, they are generally considered second-line options and are typically reserved for women who cannot use hormone therapy or other first-line treatments.

Integrative and Alternative Approaches
- Mind-Body Therapies: Practices such as acupuncture, meditation, yoga, and tai chi may support relaxation, reduce stress, and help regulate sleep patterns. While individual responses vary, many women find these techniques beneficial when integrated into their daily routine.
- Herbal Supplements: Products like black cohosh, valerian root, and phytoestrogens are sometimes marketed for menopausal symptoms, including sleep disturbances. However, clinical evidence for their efficacy is limited, and safety concerns remain. It’s essential to consult a healthcare provider before using herbal remedies, especially when taking other medications.
Nore Women’s Health specializes in identifying the root causes of sleep disturbances in women transitioning through perimenopause and menopause. Our team of experienced providers conducts thorough evaluations to differentiate menopause-related sleep problems from other health issues, such as thyroid disorders, neurological conditions, or primary sleep disorders. This ensures women receive an accurate diagnosis and a treatment plan that targets their specific symptoms and health profile.
Education is central to Nore’s philosophy. We help women understand the wide range of menopause symptoms-including sleep disturbances, night sweats, and insomnia-as well as lesser-known effects like exhaustion, irritability, and cognitive changes. By demystifying the menopausal transition and its impact on sleep, Nore empowers women to recognize symptoms early and seek appropriate care.
Herbal and Nutritional Supplements
Various herbs and supplements are often used to support adrenal function:
- Adaptogenic herbs: Herbs such as ashwagandha, rhodiola, and holy basil are believed to help the body adapt to stress and support adrenal function.
- B-complex vitamins: These vitamins are essential for energy production and stress management.
- Vitamin C: This antioxidant vitamin is crucial for adrenal gland function and cortisol production.
- Licorice root: This herb may help increase cortisol levels and reduce fatigue, but should be used cautiously due to potential side effects.

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